Nikolay Ivanovich Peyko or Peiko (Moscow, 1916 - Moscow, 1995) was a Russian composer and professor of composition.

Peyko studied composition at Moscow Conservatory under Nikolay Myaskovsky, graduating in 1940, then working in a military hospital during the Second World War and teaching at the Moscow Conservatory 1942-1949. From 1959 till retirement Peyko was professor of composition at the Gnessin State Musical College where his students included Sofia Gubaidulina.